Application of Fault Analysis to Some Cryptographic Standards

Cryptanalysis methods can be classified as pure mathematical attacks, such as linear and differential cryptanalysis, and implementation dependent attacks such as power analysis and fault analysis. Pure mathematical attacks exploit the mathematical structure of the cipher to reveal the secret key inside the cipher. On the other hand, implementation dependent attacks assume that the attacker has access to the cryptographic device to launch the attack. Fault analysis is an example of a side channel attack in which the attacker is assumed to be able to induce faults in the cryptographic device and observe the faulty output. Then, the attacker tries to recover the secret key by combining the information obtained from the faulty and the correct outputs. Even though fault analysis attacks may require access to some specialized equipment to be able to insert faults at specific locations or at specific times during the computation, the resulting attacks usually have time and memory complexities which are far more practical as compared to pure mathematical attacks. Recently, several AES-based primitives were approved as new cryptographic standards throughout the world. For example, Kuznyechik was approved as the standard block cipher in Russian Federation, and Kalyna and Kupyna were approved as the standard block cipher and the hash function, respectively, in Ukraine. Given the importance of these three new primitives, in this thesis, we analyze their resistance against fault analysis attacks. Firstly, we modified a differential fault analysis (DFA) attack that was applied on AES and applied it on Kuzneychik. Application of DFA on Kuznyechik was not a trivial task because of the linear transformation layer used in the last round of Kuznyechik. In order to bypass the effect of this linear transformation operation, we had to use an equivalent representation of the last round which allowed us to recover the last two round keys using a total of four faults and break the cipher. Secondly, we modified the attack we applied on Kuzneychik and applied it on Kalyna. Kalyna has a complicated key scheduling and it uses modulo 264 addition operation for applying the first and last round keys. This makes Kalyna more resistant to DFA as com- pared to AES and Kuznyechik but it is still practically breakable because the number of key candidates that can be recovered by DFA can be brute-forced in a reasonable time. We also considered the case where the SBox entries of Kalyna are not known and showed how to recover a set of candidates for the SBox entries. Lastly, we applied two fault analysis attacks on Kupyna hash function. In the first case, we assumed that the SBoxes and all the other function parameters are known, and in the second case we assumed that the SBoxes were kept secret and attacked the hash function accordingly. Kupyna can be used as the underlying hash function for the construction of MAC schemes such as secret IV, secret prefix, HMAC or NMAC. In our analysis, we showed that secret inputs of Kupyna can be recovered using fault analysis. To conclude, we analyzed two newly accepted standard ciphers (Kuznyechik, Kalyna) and one newly approved standard hash function (Kupyna) for their resistance against fault attacks. We also analyzed Kalyna and Kupyna with the assumption that these ciphers can be deployed with secret user defined SBoxes in order to increase their security

Hungry for Power: Historical Shifts of Energy Sources in Turkey and Italy

The aim of this paper is to analyze the role of the industrial revolution and the economic policies on the energy transition process of two developing Mediterranean countries: Turkey and Italy. Both countries not only have coast to Mediterranean, they also share a similar story in terms of their energy demands and industrialization in the interwar period. The study will analyze the period between the two world wars, considering the fact that times of war and depression most likely traumatize energy consumptions and economic growth and energy policies are constantly altered by wartime policies and constraints

An Efficiency Evaluation Model for Academic Faculties of a Leading University by Data Envelopment Analysis

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a linear programming based data analytic method for measuring the relative efficiency of organisational units where the presence of multiple inputs and outputs makes comparisons difficult. Academic departments have critical importance for a university so we agree to research and compare about academic faculties in a leading university in Turkey. The aim of the study is to measure the relative efficiency of the academic faculties and determine the efficient/inefficient ones in the studied university. 12 faculties of the university are investigated within the scope of this study. The input variables are considered as total number of academic staff, total number of non-academic staff, number of students and the output variables are as number of publications, number of projects and the percentage of budget used. While results of CCR model show an average of 90.5% relative efficiency value, five faculties are found 100% efficient according to the CCR model. According to BCC model, the results have an average of 93.7% and 6 faculties are 100% efficient. In terms of the potential improvements evaluated for each inefficient faculty, it is seen that faculty of mechanical engineering and faculty of civil engineering are the ones requiring the most improvement. This paper contributes to the literature a lot however it is a new and proper study on efficiency analysis of faculties of a Turkish university. On conclusion of the DEA efficiency scores, the existence of misallocation of resources or/and inefficient applications to the faculties’ academic development are uncovered

COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde serbest eczacıların anksiyete düzeyleri: İstanbul’da bir kesitsel araştırma

Community pharmacists have been on the frontlines during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Although the mental health and anxiety levels of many other health workers are studied in this period, literature is very limited to understand the experience of pharmacists. This study aims to define the anxiety level of community pharmacists in Istanbul during the COVID-19 pandemic and identify possible influencing factors. The population of the study is community pharmacists from pharmacies in Istanbul. In this cross-sectional study, 348 pharmacies are selected by simple random sampling. Participants are approached via telephone and inquired with questions about sociodemographic information, work conditions, COVID-19 specific concerns, and the Beck Anxiety Inven-tory. 239 (68.7%) pharmacists responded. This study identifies that, by the 6th month of the pandemic, the mean anxiety score of the pharmacists in Istanbul is 9.4±10.6, and 54.8% (n=134) of the participants is experiencing “minimal” anxi-ety. However, they have some COVID-19 specific concerns (becoming infected and transmitting the disease to family or environment) at high and extreme lev-els. Those concerns significantly increase the anxiety score. The findings of this study are promising for public health, as they show that community pharmacists could cope with the psychological effects of the pandemic.Eczacılar, 2019 Koronavirüs Hastalığı (COVID-19) pandemisi döneminde sağlık hizmetlerinin ön saflarında çalışmaktadır. Bu süreçte hastalarla birebir temas halinde olmaları ve çalışma şartlarındaki değişiklikler ruhsal iyilik hallerini etkileyebilir ve anksiyeteye sebep olabilir. Alanyazında COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde, diğer sağlık çalışanlarının ruhsal iyilik halleri ve anksiyete düzeylerine ilişkin araştırmalar mevcut iken araştırmalar eczacıların deneyimini anlamak için yetersizdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde İstanbul’da görev yapmakta olan eczacıların anksiyete düzeyini ve onu etkileyebilecek faktörleri tespit etmektir. Araştırmanın evreni İstanbul’daki eczanelerde görev yapan serbest eczacılardır. Kesitsel türdeki bu araştırmada basit rastgele örnekleme yöntemi ile 348 eczane seçilmiştir. Seçilen eczanelere telefon ile ulaşılıp; sosyodemografik bilgiler, çalışma bilgileri ve COVID-19’a özgü endişeler hakkında sorular ile Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği maddeleri yöneltilmiştir. Örnek gruptaki eczacıların %68,7’ine (n=239) ulaşılmıştır. Pandeminin 6. ayı itibariyle İstanbul’daki eczacıların anksiyete ölçeği puanı ortalamasının 9,4±10,6 olduğu ve %54,8’inin (n=134) “minimal düzeyde anksiyete” sahibi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla beraber COVID-19’a özgü bazı endişelerinin (hastalığa yakalanma ve çevresine bulaştırma) çok ve aşırı çok hissedildiği ve bu endişelerin genel anksiyete puanını istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeylerde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuç, eczacıların psikolojik olarak pandemiyle başa çıkabildiklerini göstermesi itibariyle halk sağlığı açısından ümit verici olarak yorumlanabilir

AN OVERVIEW OF FOOD FRAUD IN TURKEY AND THE POTENTIAL RISK FOR PEANUT

Depending on the increase in the demand for ready-to-eat food products in recent years, food fraud tends to increase as well. The color, smell, taste, appearance, content, nutritive value, origin, etc. in foods determine purchasing preferences of consumers. Food adulteration and counterfeit have been practiced since ancient times. This paper consists of the results of two different study on food fraud in Turkey. In the first study, questionnaire data were collected from 263 -people with different occupations and ages with a total eleven questions throughout Turkey by using the face‑to‑face interview survey method.The collected data showed that the top three product categories that the highest probabilities of being fraudulent were milk and milk products (42.6%), meat and meat products (20.2%), and bread and bakery products (16%). In the second study, research was conducted on what types of fraudulent were applied in Turkish peanuts. Total 30 peanut samples were analysed to determine synthetic colorant such as E124 ponceau 4R, E129 allura red and E122 carmosine etc. E124 ponceau 4R was found as a color material in 4 samples of the total 30 roasted unshelled peanuts in concentrations of 4.24 mg/kg, 3.30 mg/kg, 4.47 mg/kg and 2.49 mg/kg. On the other hand, it was below the detectable limit in other samples

Melancholy and Satire: Representation of Islam and Nationhood in the Works of Salman Rushdie and Orhan Pamuk

This dissertation examines the politics of representation within the novel of the Third World. Drawing on the scholarship of Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, Homi Bhabha, and Fredric Jameson, I situate Salman Rushdie and Orhan Pamuk within literary attempts at national representation and narratives of westernization. The main question that the study raises is: what are the literary results of migration, cultural or religious conversion within the increasingly diversifying metropolitan centers? I find that such double consciousness of the migrant artist provides an exilic writing that instigates two types of perspectives: satirical and melancholic. I argue that both authors narrativize a similar process of confronting the western cultural legacy, but differ in their reflection on their national and Islamic backgrounds

QUASI THREE DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSOR DESIGN FOR A TWIN-SPOOL LOW BYPASS RATIO TURBOFAN ENGINE

This paper presents the preliminary design of a three stage fan for a twin-spool low bypass ratio turbofan aeroengine. Design produre has been initialized with the specification of technical requirements obtained from the parametric cycle analysis. With this information, a suitable baseline engine is selected that has the closest technical specifications. The design process continues with the determination of the number of fan stages and other stage parameters. The next step is the designation of the blade airfoil profiles such that they have adequate stall margin in subsonic conditions. Airfoils are designed to avoid both positive and negative stall situations. Hub profiles have noticeably larger cambers due to lower linear speeds in comparison to tip profiles. By stacking up airfoil profiles in the radial direction form hub to tip a quasi three dimensional design is reached. Finally, solid models of the rotor and the stator parts were produced

Üniversite Sınırlarında Kayırmacılık: Kayırmacı Davranış Paternleri ve Kayırmacılığın Kökeni Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma

Bireysel başarı ve yetkinlik yerine farklı ilişki ağlarının ön plana çıkaran kayırmacılık örgütsel yaşantının arka planda kalan ancak örgütsel işleyişin bütününe etki eden etik dışı olgulardan biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı akademi içerisinde kayırmacı davranışların kadro alma ve akademik işleyişi üzerindeki etkisini akademisyenlerin bakış açısıyla ele almaktır. Bu kapsamda kayırmacılığın hangi dinamiklerle şekillendiği, kayırmacılık olarak isimlendirilen davranışların neler olduğu ve bu davranışların çıktıları değerlendirilmiştir. Nitel desende gerçekleştirilen çalışmaya 3 devlet üniversiteden, farklı branşlarda ve farklı akademik unvanlara sahip 10 akademisyen katılmış olup, katılımcıların belirlenmesinde amaçlı ve kartopu örnekleme teknikleri bir arada kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama sürecinde gerçekleştirilen derinlemesine mülakatlarda yarı yapılandırılmış sorulardan faydalanılmış ve görüşmeler kayıt altına alınmıştır. Ardından elde edilen kayıtlar döküm haline dönüştürülerek içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur.Gerçekleştirilen analiz sonucunda, kadro alma ve akademik işleyiş sürecinde siyasi kayırmacılık, nepotizm ve kronizme dayalı davranışların akademi de yaygın olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bu 3 kayırma türü içerisinde siyasi kayırmacılık ve nepotizm doğrudan kayrılma ve torpil olarak değerlendirilirken, kronizme ilişkin davranış kalıplarının kimi durumlarda akademik referans olarak konumlandırıldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Spesifik olarak, akademik referans adı altında gerçekleşen ve bireylerin akademik başarısına değil networküne odaklanan davranışların referans ve torpil ayrımını ortadan kaldırdığı belirlenmiştir. Akademisyenlerin kendi eylemlerini ve başlarından geçenleri kayırma yerine akademik referansa dayandırma çabasının da alanda referans ve kayırma ayrımını zedelediği öngörülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, hediye yazarlık olarak isimlendirilen ve akademik networkünü güçlü tutmak için emeği olmayan birini akademik çalışmalarda yazar yapma eylemi akademiye özgü bir kayırma davranışı olarak öne çıkmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda akademide yaygınlaşan kayırmacı davranışların şekillenmesinde ise kültür, aile, siyasi etki, insan doğası, işin doğası gibi 7 ayrı dinamiğin etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu dinamikler alanda kayırma davranışlarının normalleştirilmesine imkan sağlarken, aynı zamanda akademisyenlerin kayırma davranışları karşısında tepkisiz kalmalarına da zemin hazırladığı belirlenmiştir

DETERMINATION OF THE THRUST REQUIREMENT FOR A FIGHTER AIRCRAFT ENGINE VIA MISSION ANALYSIS

In order to initiate the design process for a new aeroengine, it would be necessary that a matching study be performed between the aircraft under design and its prospective power plant. In this work wing loading and engine thrust reqiurements are determined. Within this context thrust level is determined for a fighter jet whose mission profile is pre-determined. While the mission profile is being decided upon a typical first-day-of-the-war mission scenario for a new generation fighter aircraft is considered. Mission legs were handled individually and the solution space is restricted by drawing the corresponding constraint curve for each one. A point within the feasible solutions region is selected regarding the state-of-the-art. For the determined mission profile the appropriate sea level thrust to take-off weight ratio / happens to be around 1.2. At the design point the selected thrust loading is 7.0 kPa. As a result of mission analysis it has been observed that the aircaft spends 1.9% of its take-off weight as ammunition and 58% of its initial take-off weight as fuel. The overall duration for the mission is calculated to be 98 minutes

Pre-school teacher’s remarks on the implementation of Turkish language activities

Okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarının amaçlarını gerçekleştirmesi okul öncesi eğitim programlarının işlevsel ve etkili olmasıyla mümkün olabilir. Dolayısıyla okul öncesi eğitim programlarındaki etkinliklerin etkin bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmesi son derece önemlidir. Okul öncesi eğitim programlarının ana kazanımlarından biri Türkçeyi etkin ve güzel bir şekilde kullanabilmektir. Türkçeyi etkin bir şekilde kullanma çocukların sosyal yaşantılarının ve iletişim becerilerinin gelişmesinde oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu sebeple okul öncesi eğitim programıyla paralel bir şekilde okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin çocukların dilsel gelişimlerini destekleyecek etkinlikleri gerçekleştirmeleri beklenir. Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin Türkçe dil etkinliklerini etkili bir biçimde gerçekleştirebilmeleri öğretmenlerin Türkçe dil etkinliklerini gerçekleştirebilmelerine yönelik yeterliklerine bağlıdır. Bu araştırmada, okulöncesi öğretmenlerinin Türkçe dil etkinliklerini gerçekleştirmelerine yönelik görüşleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu araştırma tarama modelinde olup 2014-2015 öğretim yılında Nevşehir il merkezinde ilkokul bünyesindeki anaokullarında görevli 9 okul öncesi öğretmenin görüşü alınarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada veriler, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme yoluyla toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde betimsel çözümleme tekniği kullanılmış ve elde edilen bulgular nicel olarak sunulmuştur. Çözümleme sürecinde, görüşülen bireylerin görüşlerini çarpıcı bir biçimde yansıtmak amacıyla doğrudan alıntılara da yer verilmiştir. Okul öncesi dönemin çocuğun dil gelişimi açısından kritik bir zaman dilimi olması nedeniyle Türkçe dil etkinliklerine gün içerisinde öğrenci merkezli uygulama ve zengin uyarıcılarla yer verilmesi gerekmektedir. Yaptığımız araştırma ile okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin günlük eğitim akışı içerisinde Türkçe dil etkinliklerine yeterince yer vermedikleri belirlenmiştir. Planlanan etkinliklerin ise nitelik ve nicelik yönünden yetersiz olduğu görülmüş, öğretmenlerin uygulama sırasında karşılaştıkları benzer sorunlar açıkca ifade edilmiştir. Bu araştırma, okul öncesi öğretmenlerine Türkçe dil etkinlikleri ve yapılabilecek uygulamalar hakkında bilgi vermeyi amaçlamaktadır.Pre-schools can only achieve their goals through functional and effective pre-school education programs. Therefore, effective implementation of activities in pre-school education programs is of crucial. One of the main attainments of pre-school education programs is using Turkish effectively. Effective use of Turkish has an important place in social lives and development of communicative skills of children. For this reason, in accordance with pre-school education programs, pre-school teachers are expected to implement activities that support linguistic development of children. Pre-school teachers’ implementing Turkish language activities effectively depends on their competencies related to implementing Turkish language activities. The purpose of the present research is determining pre-school teachers’ remarks on the implementation of Turkish language activities. The present research adopted survey model, and was conducted with the remarks of 9 pre-school teachers serving in preschools in the body of primary schools centre of the province of Nevsehir in 2014-2015 school year. Data of the research were collected through semi-structured interview method, which is a qualitative research method. Descriptive analysis technique was used for data analysis, and the obtained findings were presented qualitatively. Direct quotations of participants were included in the analysis in order to reflect their remarks more distinctively. Since pre-school period is a critical period for linguistic development of children, Turkish language activities should be included in the education with a student-centred implementation, and rich stimulants. The present research investigates whether pre-school teacher include Turkish language activities in the daily education adequately. It was observed that planned activities were inadequate in quality and quantity; and the related problems encountered by the teachers were stated clearly. The present research aims at providing pre-school teachers with information about Turkish language activities and practices they can use